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I n t e r n a l D i a m o n d F l a w s
W h e n a d i a m o n d i s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e a f l a w , i t i s a n i m p e r f e c t g e m s t o n e . S o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e d i a m o n d d i d n o t f o r m c o r r e c t l y , o r t h e r e a r e t i n y i m p e r f e c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s t o n e . D i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s a r e o f t e n n o t n o t i c e a b l e t o t h e a v e r a g e p e r s o n , a n d y o u n e e d n o t w o r r y a b o u t t h e s m a l l i n c l u s i o n s t h a t o c c u r i n m o s t d i a m o n d s . T h e r e a r e a c t u a l l y o n l y v e r y f e w d i a m o n d s w h i c h c a n b e l a b e l e d p e r f e c t , a n d i f t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n t h e c a t e g o r y o f n o d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s , c h a n c e s a r e t h e d i a m o n d w i l l b e e x t r e m e l y e x p e n s i v e !
T h e r e a r e s o m e m i n o r i n c l u s i o n s w h i c h c a u s e a d i a m o n d t o a p p e a r s l i g h t l y d u l l . T h e i n c l u s i o n w i t h i n t h e d i a m o n d c a n a f f e c t t h e s t o n e ' s c l a r i t y b e c a u s e a s l i g h t p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e s t o n e , i t i s i n t e r c e p t e d b y t h e i n c l u s i o n . M a n y o f t h e s e f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s c a n b e r e d u c e d o r f i x e d w i t h t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s o f t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s e s t h a t g e m o l o g i s t s a n d j e w e l e r s h a v e l e a r n e d t o d o o v e r t h e y e a r s .
O t h e r d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s m a y b e l a r g e e n o u g h t o c a u s e w e a k n e s s w i t h i n t h e g e m s t o n e , a n d t h e s t o n e c o u l d s h a t t e r o r b r e a k m u c h m o r e e a s i l y t h a n a s t o n e w i t h o u t t h e w e a k n e s s . T h e s e a r e t h e f l a w s y o u w a n t t o b e c a r e f u l w i t h , s i n c e t h e y r e d u c e t h e v a l u e o f y o u r s t o n e .
P i n p o i n t I n c l u s i o n s
W h e n a d i a m o n d h a s s p e c k l e s o f d a r k c r y s t a l s i n g r o u p s o r s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t o n e , i t i s s a i d t o h a v e a f o r m o f d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s c a l l e d p i n p o i n t i n c l u s i o n s . I f t h e d a r k c r y s t a l s a r e a l l c l u s t e r e d t o g e t h e r i n t h e s t o n e , t h e c l a r i t y o f t h e d i a m o n d i s e f f e c t e d , a n d i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e a c l o u d i n s i d e t h e s t o n e . T h e s e t y p e s o f d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s m a y c a u s e t h e d i a m o n d t o b e w o r t h l e s s , a s i t g r e a t l y e f f e c t s t h e a p p e a r a n c e .
P r o b l e m s f r o m L a s e r T r e a t m e n t s
W h e n a n i m p e r f e c t d i a m o n d i s t r e a t e d w i t h l a s e r s t o r e m o v e d a r k d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s f r o m w i t h i n t h e g e m s t o n e , s o m e t i m e s a l i n e i s l e f t t h r o u g h t h e d i a m o n d t h a t l o o k s m u c h l i k e a t h r e a d . T h e l a s e r l i n e b e g i n s a t t h e o u t e r e d g e o f t h e d i a m o n d , a n d m o v e s i n w a r d t o t h e a r e a w h e r e t h e d a r k i n c l u s i o n w a s t r e a t e d b y t h e l a s e r . T h e s e d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s a r e u n s i g h t l y a n d e a s i l y s p o t t e d b y m o s t p e o p l e , m a k i n g t h e d i a m o n d l e s s d e s i r a b l e .
M i n e r a l a n d C r y s t a l I n c l u s i o n s
W h i l e m o s t d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s a r e n e g a t i v e , t h e r e a r e i n s t a n c e s w h e n t h e d i a m o n d f l a w s a n d i n c l u s i o n s a r e a c t u a l l y a n e y e c a t c h i n g a s p e c t o f y o u r d i a m o n d ! F o r e x a m p l e , d i a m o n d s t y p i c a l l y h a v e s m a l l e r c r y s t a l s i n s i d e t h e d i a m o n d , o f t e n s o t i n y t h e y c a n n o t b e s e e n w i t h o u t s o m e s o r t o f m a g n i f y i n g d e v i c e . T h e c l a r i t y o f t h e d i a m o n d c a n b e e f f e c t e d b y t h e s e c r y s t a l s , i f t h e r e a r e e n o u g h o f t h e m a n d i f t h e y a r e a l l g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r i n o n e a r e a o f t h e d i a m o n d .
T h e r e a r e a f e w r a r e i n s t a n c e s w h e n a n o t h e r g e m s t o n e i s a c t u a l l y i n s i d e a d i a m o n d , a n d c o u l d c e r t a i n l y n o t b e s e e n a s a d i a m o n d f l a w o r i n c l u s i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , i f y o u h a d a r u b y o r e m e r a l d t h a t w a s s u r r o u n d e d b y a d i a m o n d , y o u w o u l d s e e t h a t a s a s p e c i a l p i e c e o f j e w e l r y - n o t a f l a w e d o n e !
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Internal Diamond FlawsO z A l ^ z z A : A z z z z : A z ^
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` When a diamond is considered to have a flaw, it is an imperfect gem stone. Something about the s e s : l : s A l s s s : A V : e s s V A s e O e s : A s : s l s e : l : H A l : : A A : A V : l s : A s e O H e e A : s e : V A s s e : : : s e A s A s s : l s s z A : A s e : 2
e diamond did not form correctly, or there are tiny imperfections within the stone. Diamond flaws and s A l s s s : s A s : s s A : H s O : e s O O e e A A s : : s O : A s e O e : l O e : A A s s : A s e O H e e A A s s V : A A s A s : A s e : V A s s e : : : A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : 2
b inclusions are often not noticeable to the average person, and you need not worry about the small A s e A z V A s s V : l O e : s H A e s : s s A : s s A A e e l s A e : A s : A s e : l s e O l s e : s e O V s s : : l s s : s s z : s e e s : s s A : s O O s : l s s z A : A s e : V l A A : 2
` inclusions that occur in most diamonds. There are actually only very few diamonds which can be A s e A z V A s s V : A s l A : s e e z O : A s : s V A : s A l s s s V : : : s e O e : l O e : l e A z l A A s : s s A s : s e O s : H e : s A l s s s V : s A e s : e l s : s e : 2
f labeled perfect, and if they are placed in the category of no diamond flaws and inclusions, chances A l s e A e s : l s e O H e e A l : : l s s : A H : A s e s : l O e : s A l e e s : A s : A s e : e l A e s s O s : s H : s s : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : : e s l s e e V : I 2
, are the diamond will be extremely expensive!l O e : A s e : s A l s s s : A A A : s e : e s A O e e A s : e s s e s V A s e O 2
^ There are some minor inclusions which cause a diamond to appear slightly dull. The inclusion s e O e : l O e : V s e : A s s O : A s e A z V A s s V : s A e s : e l z V e : l : s A l s s s : A s : l s s e l O : V A A s s A A s : s z A A : : : s e : A s e A z V A s s : 2
c within the diamond can affect the stone’s clarity because as light passes through the stone, it is d A A s A s : A s e : s A l s s s : e l s : l H H e e A : A s e : V A s s e $ V : e A l O A A s : s e e l z V e : l V : A A s s A : s l V V e V : A s O s z s s : A s e : V A s s e : : A A : A V : 2
c intercepted by the inclusion. Many of these flaws and inclusions can be reduced or fixed with the dA s A e O e e s A e s : s s : A s e : A s e A z V A s s : : : l s s : s H : A s e V e : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : e l s : s e : O e s z e e s : s O : H A s e s : A A s : A s e : 2
_ various forms of treatment processes that gemologists and jewelers have learned to do over the s l O A s z V : H s O V : s H : A O e l A e s A : s O s e e V V e V : A s l A : s e s A s s A V A V : l s s : A e e A e O V : s l s e : A e l O s e s : A s : s s : s s e O : A s e : 2
years.s e l O V : 2
+_ Other diamond flaws and inclusions may be large enough to cause weakness within the gem stone, A s e O : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : l s : s e : A l O s e : e s s z s s : A s : e l z V e : e l z s e V V : A A s A s : A s e : s e : V A s s e : : 2
5d and the stone could shatter or break much more easily than a stone without the weakness. These are l s s : A s e : V A s s e : e s z A s : V s l A A e O : s O : s O e l z : z e s : s O e : e l V A A s : A s l s : l : V A s s e : A A s s z A : A s e : e l z s e V V : : : s e V e : l O e : 2
?Q the flaws you want to be careful with, since they reduce the value of your stone. A s e : H A l V : s s z : l s A : A s : s e : e l O e H z A : A A s : : V A s e e : A s e s : O e s z e e : A s e : s l A z e : s H : s s z O : V A s s e : - $ 2
b Pinpoint Inclusions2 A z z z A z A : O z l A z ^ A z z ^ - 2
e When a diamond has speckles of dark crystals in groups or scattered throughout the stone, it is said s e s : l : s A l s s s : s l V : V s e e z A e V : s H : s l O z : e O s V A l A V : A s : s O s z s V : s O : V e l A A e O e s : A s O s z s s s z A : A s e : V A s s e : : A A : A V : V l A s : 2
h to havea form of diamond flaws and inclusions called pinpoint inclusions. If the dark crystals are all A s : s l s e l : H s O : s H : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : e l A A e s : s A s s s A s A : A s e A z V A s s V : : : O H : A s e : s l O z : e O s V A l A V : l O e : l A A : 2
b clustered together in the stone, the clarity of the diamond is effected, and it appears to have a e A z V A e O e s : A s s e A s e O : A s : A s e : V A s s e : : A s e : e A l O A A s : s H : A s e : s A l s s s : A V : e H H e e A e s : : l s s : A A : l s s e l O V : A s : s l s e : l : 2
!c cloud inside the stone. These types of diamond flaws and inclusions may cause the diamond to be dl e A s z s l : A s V A s e : A s e : V A s s e : : : s e V e : A s s e V : s H : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : l s : e l z V e : A s e : s A l s s s : A s : s e : Q 2
“1 worth less, as it greatly effects the appearance. s O A s : A e V V : : l V : A A : s O e l A A s : e H H e e A V : A s e : l s s e l O l s e e : - 4 2
$ Problems from Laser Treatments ^ z z A l ^ : A ^ z : z ^ l ^ : ^ l z A l z A ^ - 2
&R When an imperfect diamond is treated with lasers to remove dark diamond flaws and s e s : l s : A s e O H e e A : s A l s s s : A V : A O e l A e s : A A s : A l V e O V : A s : O e s s e : s l O z : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : 2
&$ inclusions A s e A z V A s s V : 2
‘^ from within the gemstone, sometimes a line is left through the diamond that looks much like a H O s : A A s A s : A s e : s e V A s s e : : V s e A A e V : l : A A s e : A V : A e H A : A s O s z s s : A s e : s A l s s s : A s l A : A s s z V : z e s : A A z e : l : 2
(d thread. The laser line begins at the outer edge of the diamond, and moves inward to the area where A s O e l s : : : s e : A l V e O : A A s e : s e s A s V : l A : A s e : s z A e O : e s s e : s H : A s e : s A l s s s : : l s s : s s e V : A s l O s : A s : A s e : l O e l : s e O e : 2
*c the dark inclusion was treated by the laser. These diamond flaws and inclusions are unsightly and A s e : s l O z : A s e A z V A s s : l V : A O e l A e s : s s : A s e : A l V e O : : : s e V e : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : l O e : z s V A s s A A s : l s s : i 2
+A easily spotted by most people, making the diamond less desirable. e l V A A s : V s s A A e s : s s : s V A : s e s s A e : : l z A s s : A s e : s A l s s s : A e V V : s e V A O l s A e : - 4 2
2- Mineral and Crystal Inclusions A z l ^ z A : z z z : ^ l ^ A z A : O z l A z ^ A z z ^ - 2
O/a While most diamond flaws and inclusions are negative, there are instances when the diamond flaws s A A e : s V A : s A l s s s : H A l V : l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : l O e : s e s l A A s e : : A s e O e : l O e : A s V A l s e e V : s e s : A s e : s A l s s s : H A l V : 2
Y0[ and inclusions are actually an eye catching aspect of your diamond! For example, diamonds l s s : A s e A z V A s s V : l O e : l e A z l A A s : l s : e s e : e l A e s A s s : l V s e e A : s H : s s z O : s A l s s s O : : s O : e s l s A e : : s A l s s s V : 2
c1c typically have smaller crystals inside the diamond, often so tiny they cannot be seen without some A s s A e l A A s : s l s e : V l A A e O : e O s V A l A V : A s V A s e : A s e : s A l s s s : : s H A e s : V s : A A s s : A s e s : e l s s s A : s e : V e e s : A A s s z A : V s e : 2
m2g sort of magnifying device. The clarity of the diamond can be effected by these crystals, if there are V s O A : s H : l s s A H s A s s : s e s A e e : : : s e : e A l O A A s : s H : A s e : s A l s s s : e l s : s e : e H H e e A e s : s s : A s e V e : e O s V A l A V : : A H : A s e O e : l O e : 2
w3Q enough of them and if they are all grouped together in one area of the diamond. e s s z s s : s H : A s e : l s s : A H : A s e s : l O e : l A A : s O s z s e s : A s s e A s e O : A s : s s e : l O e l : s H : A s e : s A l s s s : : : 2
5^ There are a few rare instances when another gem stone is actually inside a diamond, and could s e O e : l O e : l : H e : O l O e : A s V A l s e e V : s e s : l s s A s e O : s e : V A s s e : A V : l e A z l A A s : A s V A s e : l : s A l s s s : : l s s : e s z A s : 2
6f certainly not be seen as a diamond flaw or inclusion. For example, if you had a ruby or emerald that e e O A l A s A s : s s A : s e : V e e s : l V : l : s A l s s s : H A l : s O : A s e A z V A s s : : : s O : e s l s A e : : A H : s s z : s l s : l : O z s s : s O : e e O l A s : A s l A : 2
7a was surrounded by a diamond, you would see that as a special piece of jewelry- not a flawed one! l V : V z O O s z s s e s : s s : l : s A l s s s : : s s z : s z A s : V e e : A s l A : l V : l : V s e e A l A : s A e e e : s H : : A e e A O s H : s s A : l : H A l e s : s s e O
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J J J `J P `J 4 J J J p J `J `J 8 J qJ J `J x J `J t R J J J J 8 % J | J (a `J Diamond Flaws and InclusionsInternal Diamond FlawsWhen a diamond is considered to have a flaw, it is an imperfect gem stone. Something about the diamond did not form correctly, or there are tiny imperfections within the stone. Diamond flaws and inclusions are often not noticeable to the average person, and you need not worry about the small inclusions that occur in most diamonds. There are actually only very few diamonds which can be labeled perfect, and if they are placed in the category of no diamond flaws and inclusions, chances are the diamond will be extremely expensive!There are some minor inclusions which cause a diamond to appear slightly dull. The inclusion within the diamond can affect the stone's clarity because as light passes through the stone, it is intercepted by the inclusion. Many of these flaws and inclusions can be reduced or fixed with the various forms of treatment processes that gemologists and jewelers have learned to do over the years.Other diamond flaws and inclusions may be large enough to cause weakness within the gem stone, and the stone could shatter or break much more easily than a stone without the weakness. These are the flaws you want to be careful with, since they reduce the value of your stone.Pinpoint InclusionsWhen a diamond has speckles of dark crystals in groups or scattered throughout the stone, it is said to havea form of diamond flaws and inclusions called pinpoint inclusions. If the dark crystals are all clustered together in the stone, the clarity of the diamond is effected, and it appears to have a cloud inside the stone. These types of diamond flaws and inclusions may cause the diamond to be worth less, as it greatly effects the appearance.Problems from Laser TreatmentsWhen an imperfect diamond is treated with lasers to remove dark diamond flaws and inclusions from within the gemstone, sometimes a line is left through the diamond that looks much like a thread. The laser line begins at the outer edge of the diamond, and moves inward to the area where the dark inclusion was treated by the laser. These diamond flaws and inclusions are unsightly and easily spotted by most people, making the diamond less desirable.Mineral and Crystal InclusionsWhile most diamond flaws and inclusions are negative, there are instances when the diamond flaws and inclusions are actually an eye catching aspect of your diamond! For example, diamonds typically have smaller crystals inside the diamond, often so tiny they cannot be seen without some sort of magnifying device. The clarity of the diamond can be effected by these crystals, if there are enough of them and if they are all grouped together in one area of the diamond. There are a few rare instances when another gem stone is actually inside a diamond, and could certainly not be seen as a diamond flaw or inclusion. For example, if you had a ruby or emerald that was surrounded by a diamond, you would see that as a special piece of jewelry- not a flawed one! D J J < < < d h